![]() A total of 128 AD patients were randomly recruited from May 2012 to July 2013. Therefore, this study provides useful and important information for the study of albinism using non-human primate models.Ĭalreticulin is down-regulated in the cortical neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of AD. Thus, the present study is the first to identify and characterize a full-length TYR gene in a non-human primate, while the further validation of the third-exon-skipping in TYR indicates that this event is well conserved in the primate lineage. Deduced amino acid sequence analyses revealed that TYR_2 had a shorter C-terminal region than TYR_1 owing to the exon-skipping event. Interestingly, these two transcripts were also present in the African green monkey (Old World monkey) and the common marmoset (New World monkey). While TYR_1 comprised five exons and its coding sequence was highly similar to that of humans, TYR_2 comprised four exons and was generated by a third-exon-skipping event. Thus, using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and internal reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) we identified the full-length sequence of TYR in the crab-eating macaque, and two different transcript variants (TYR_1 and TYR_2). ![]() Although a previous study found that albinism in the rhesus monkey was derived from a mutation in TYR, the identification and characterization of this gene in non-human primates has not been achieved thus far. Previous studies demonstrated that mutations in TYR could lead to oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) owing to the failure of melanin formation. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme that regulates melanin biosynthesis and is encoded by the tyrosinase (TYR) gene. ![]() Though preliminary, this finding merits further investigation to determine the relationship between immunosenescence and expression of antibodies to Crt. This is the first report to demonstrate the expression of anti-Crt autoantibody in aged monkeys and indicates that cynomologous monkeys may serve as an appropriate nonhuman primate model for studies of age-related alteration of immune function in elderly humans. Statistically significant differences were noted in the autoantibody levels to Crt among the aged group and juvenile or young adults. Mean ± SD auto-antibody levels at 450 nm in juvenile, young adults and aged groups were 0.23 ± 0.18, 0.30 ± 0.28, and 0.55 ± 0.33, respectively. We developed an ELISA assay for an anti-Crt antibody and determined the age-related increase in the levels of anti-Crt antibody in three groups of cynomolgus monkeys: juvenile (1.5 yr), young adults (5-10 yr) and aged adults (20-34 yr). In non-human primates, age-related occurrence of anti-Crt antibody has not been reported. ![]() Calreticulin (Crt) is a molecular chaperone ubiquitously present in the endoplasmic reticulum. ![]()
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